This is a rough narrative on David I's influence on Scotland - I will need to construct a detailed time line to bring thess facts into proper perspective.

David's mother the saintly, and very religious, Margaret was the sister of Edgar Aetheling the Anglo-Saxon heir to England. After the Norman conquest the Aetheling family sought refuge in Scotland. Edgar himself seems to have had no real ambition to try and recover the throne of England and in fact seems to have been content to settle down as a reasonably influential baron around the Scottish court.

At the time the King of Scotland was Malcolm Canmore whose domain was Scotland north of the Forth and who also held sway over Lothian and from there a fluctuating hold on Northumbria. Also through dynastic marriage and inheritance he held Strathclyde which extended into Cumbria as far as the Eden River. He also held authority over much of the north-east.

These were the days of strong Celtic influence, both in the ways of business and in the church. Kings were chosen by the system of tanistry whereby alternate rulers came from a pool of family members so that there was always the current most powerful and adult ruler of the throne - kinship usually did not follow father to eldest son. The results were often bloodshed as the possible succesors did not always quietly come to the throne.

What is now known as Scotland was a loose amalgam of sub-kings and local rulers who were more often than not terrorised into supporting the strongest king of the day. I imagine that, although there were laws and there was government, it was much more rudimentary and autocratic today. Allegiances fluctuated according to who had the biggest and most efficient war-band of the day.

I say war-band as I would think that the armies of the day were relatively small and irregularly armed. I think that a relatively small posse of 50 or so sophisticated thugs supported by a small troop of horse could terrorise quite a large area of disorganised peasants in a sparsely populated country who really just wanted to be left alone to scratch a living. The over-kings obviously had the largest and most efficient war-band.

Raids on neighbours and looting were a good way to supplement an otherwise precarious living and this would pre-date the Roman occupation.

Margaret became the second wife of Malcolm Canmore. It was obviously as much a loving union as a business relationship and they had a large family. Malcolm obviously was no dunce himself and held together and consolidated his kingdom whilst Margaret busily patronised the church and introduced reforms.

Malcolm believed Northumbria was rightly part of Scotland and it was during a raid "asserting his rights" that he and his eldest son were killed by Northumbians who did not believe him.

Margaret died shortly therafter.

In the meantime a daughter Maud had married Henry I of England and the ninth child David whilst still young accompanied her to the English Court.

After Malcolm's death the tanist succession laws lead to other branches of the family seizing power. It was only the intervention of the English King and the Earl of Northumbria that reulted in the line of Malcolm being returned to the throne in the form of David's elder brother Edgar.

In the meantime David became an "Englishman" there was no reasonable prospect of him succeeding to the Scottish throne. He was obviously a firm friend and almost an adopted son of Henry I his brother in law. Henry preferred him and arranged the marriage to the widow de Senlis who was the daughter of Earl Siward of Huntingdon and heiress to Northumbria. In one blow and in right of his wife he became an English magnate of considerable substance.

King Edgar of Scotland never married and had no heirs. The next brother Alexander had children and it did not look as if David would inherit the throne of Scotland.

Bear in mind that David was now Earl of Northumbria, an area that the Scot's Kings traditionally thought was "theirs" and the area of Cumbria south of the present border was part of the See of Glasgow and still regarded as part of the Kingdom of Strathclyde that was now attached to the Scottish throne. For some centuries it seems that the Strathclyde Kingdom had been regarded as the possession of the heir-designate of Scotland - a sub-ruler who was a ruler-in-waiting. Much like it is now traditional that the heir to the British throne is made Prince of Wales.

However the position in those days was very much hands-on.

While Alexander was still King and his children were alive it seems that David gradually took possession from his lands of Northumbria of what are now the border lands of Cumbria and southern Scotland but what in those days were the rich lands of the Tweed and around both sides of the Solway Firth.

The general opinion is that David said that he was Comes of Southern Scotland by right of an inheritance from his elder brother Edgar but Alexander disagreed. The chronicles indicate that Alexader somewhat reluctantly agreed because he was intimidated by David's Norman supporters.

This process was most likely the introduction of David's Norman feudal tenant's into Northumbria and then into the valley's of Annandale, Nithsdale, Eskdale, Liddesdale and eventually as they became bolder into the Lothians, Ayrshire and Renfrew.

Alexander's children died and David became the heir to the throne of Scotland itself.

In this process Alexander obviously decided that blood ties and discretion were the best course of action.

What it was in reality was a creeping colonisation that was merely a continuation of the Norman conquest and was being fuelled by land-hungry barons and the close friendship between Henry I and his young brother-in-law who became David I.

What was planned we might never know, but Henry's son and heir was drowned in 1120. David became King of all Scotland on Alexander's death in 1124. Davis swore to Henry that he would support Henry's daughter Matilda (his cousin) as Queen of England in 1127. In 1135 Henry died and England collapsed into civil war between Matilda and Stephen.

At this time David was Earl of Huntingdon and Northumbria as well as King of all Scotland. He was descended from the Anglo-Saxon Kings of England and his cousin Matilda was his father-in-law's chosen heir. We might allow that he was probably the most powerful baron in England at the time. In the wars that followed Matilda and her supporters proved inept and David's "great host" was driven off at the Battle of the Standard. This was not so much a defeat as a stale mate and David seemed happy to take undisputed control of Cumbria and Northumbria as his reward. Technically these northern counties were on the point of becoming permanently part of Scotland and David reinforced the point by making his residence at Carlisle where no doubt he could better manage his extensive Scottish and English desmesnes.

David's son Henry took an active part in ruling the family possessions as "King-elect" and made a marriage into the powerful Warrene family. He and his children and their courts spoke French and were thoroughly part of the "Norman Establishment".

Henry was quite mature when he died but his father was still alive and King so the eldest grandson Malcolm inherited the throne. David died a year after Henry at his royal residence at Carlisle which is now in England. A more powerful king on the English throne wrested Cumbria from Malcolm and although his next brother William had been duly invested "Earl of Northumria" by David I it also was denied to him. William spent most of his life raiding Northumbria trying to wrestle back his patrimony and it was the cause of much trouble for generations until it was finally agreed by Alexander III that it was part of England.

The third brother of course was another David Earl of Huntingdon. During his elder brother's Malcolm and William David reign he was granted large tracts of Scotland mainly in the North East as the process of feudalisation by "Norman" fmailies changed the ways of Celtic government. Norman family might marginalised the tanist claims to the throne and the frequent rebellions from the McWilliam and McHeth lines and was also used to finally subdue Galloway to the King's personal authority. It was in this time that Henry of Brechin, a natural son of this Earl David brought the Huntingdon coat of arms to Brechin. The same Earl David endowed Lindores Abbey in Fife on the south side of the Tay estuary. This might have been the time and cause of the introduction of the Caldwell ancestor from Huntingdon into Fife - but he may or may not have been called "a Caldwell".

These were turbulent times and you can imagine that the family of David I, of his son Henry and gandson's Malcolm "the Maiden", William "the Lion" and David Earl of Huntingdon were through and through a French-speaking Norman-feudal family and completely disinterested in the Celtic background of Scotland. Their power came form the backing of armoured knights on horseback and strong castles. That power backing was rewarded by territorial grants of land to those that supported them.

The Celtic tanist claiments to the throne of Scotland gave the McMalcolm dynesty insurrections and problems for generations before they were finally brutally put to rest.

We can clearly see from this why the Kings of England thought that the Scots-Kings were sub-kings subject to their overlordship - after all they might be thought to be more Norman-English than Scots and they owed their throne to support of the English King and (largely) Norman-English opportunists and their military might.

When it came to the crunch the Bruce remembered his Scottish roots - as much through Marjorie of Carrick as from the Bruce line - and it was the invocation of Celtic nationality that finally saw the country become a true nation and secured its independent identity through the vicious Wars of Independence. It was a close run thing and Scotland could easily have become part of England in the time before people thought themselves a nation and nations were really those that were loyal to a particular royal family.

This period from Malcolm Canmore to William the Lion and through to Alexander III is very important to the Caldwell family in Scotland as it covers the period of feudalisation and the emergence of surnames. The government was regularised and new institutions introduced. What our ancestors were doing then remains to be discovered.

Tom

The early Scottish history is generally accepted around the lines that an English Knight or Ecclesiastic came ot Scotland in the time of David I (the first Earl of Huntingdon from the Scottish Royal family) and that the progenitor of the family already had the surname "Caldwell" before arriving as a supporter of either an early Stewart or with de Morville.

This seems quite feasible as there are still many of the Caldwell name living in the midlands of England who could be remotely connected to those Caldwell's who left for Scotland. There is also a "Caldwell" in Yorkshire and more than one in the midlands. Other "Caldwell" villages havd disappered and there are similar names that could have given a name to the family.

This is to assume that our name has been derived from a place-name.

"Caldwell" is one of those names that could have been sourced from many roots and it is not absolutely set in concrete that it comes from one or more village locations -although I do accept that this is the most probable reasoning.

I have recently found that "Normans" entering Scotland during its feudalisation period were more than likely to bring a surname with them that reflected their historic roots. However there were a very high proportion of Flemings that also settled in Scotland who have also been classified as "Normans". Some of these Flemings were scions of families that had helped William the Conqueror and had gained lands in England and like the true Norman and other French adventurers saw helping David I and his immediate successors as a way of getting further property rather than becoming "Scots". However it is not generally known that the Fleming's relationship with Scotland was always strong because of the connection through wool and that their connections with England waxed and waned depending upon whose side the people of Flanders were on during the incessant strife between England and France.

At one stage the English banned all trade with Flanders and made life difficult for the Flemish in England thereby driving many Flemish people into Scotland. These Flemish often did not have surnames and took their surnames from the properties that they occupied in Scotland - more so than the Normans.

Consequently early deeds referring to Flemings only refer to them as "son of" this was a continuation of general practice but perhaps the Flemish Knights did not have ancient proprties of their famlilies to have been "of" anywhere. They may have also have moved about rendering service to this and that lord without having that "fixed ancestral address".

What this is leading to is the very distinct possibility that "Caldwell" on the Renfrew border was a place-name that existed before it had a lord of the same name. After all there are quite a lot of Caldwell places around Britain and southern Scotland had English-speaking settlers from Northumbria and Bernicia had influence there from very early days. The Caldwell that I refer to is not a village like those in England but I think it may have been a district or parish or thanage of that name and covering a fairly large area joining the upper valleys of the Leven and Cart Rivers and controlling the routes between Renfrew and Ayrshire.

The people from this area might have been "of Caldwell" to later generations. This would help explain the number of Caldwell's springing from this location but not those further south in Ayrshire unless they were transplanted there by the Stewart family and the monks of Paisley Abbey.

This theory says that the first knight "of Caldwell" may have been a Fleming who took up the district name as his own. It also says that families from that region used Caldwell as a surname and may well have been the feudal tenants of the Knight of Caldwell - who may well have been a "More" ab initio.

The arms of Caldwell of that Ilk were borne as far as I know by the Gudeman of the Hall of Little Caldwell but may have been carried through from an earlier, more important, member of the family who has been lost in the mists of time. The arms, I have discovered, seem to be a colour-based distinction of the personal arms of the Earl of Huntingdon and also seem to be very much associated with Fife by their black and white difference.

The Earl of Huntingdon's arms seem to have become associated via the Huntingdon specifically with Brechin. In the light of what I have read of the territorial basis of Scottish coats of arms I think that the "three piles" motif shrieks "Fife-Angus" too strongly to be ignored.

This is where the fact that I have topped the rise and seen a new direction has only meant that I am now confounded by another set of obstacles.

I think the accepted matriculated coat of arms of Caldwell of that Ilk says quite clearly that the family arrived in Renfrew via Fife and not directly from England.

However what the family was or how they are connected to Fife is the next mystery. Finding when the arms were matriculated should be possible and the grant of matriculation may give some further assistance.

This is to presume that this information is available. The records of the Lyon Court were appropriated by Edward I to England and lost at sea when being returned generations later. Furthermore there have been other problems such as a fire causing loss of information. I have read that many families applied for re-matriculation of their arms at a later date aftre they were lost. Most of the early arms currently known seem to come from independently sourced "arm's lists".

Therefore it is more than possible that we only have Nisbett's list for our source and that does not necessarily help us much as Nisbett seemed to think that the piles signified marshy ground and the waves signified water relative to the name. This is a device-punning association for the arms, and whilst very possibly correct, completely ignores the modern research that clearly demonstrates the territorial-basis of the devices on Scottish family arms.

My money currently is on "Fife" but I would be happy to be proved wrong - happier to be proved right.

Tom

Useful "Piles" references for Scotland:

Pye, Roger, "Development of the Pile in Certain Graham Arms" Coat of Arms, NS vol. 3, p. 147 (1978-80)

· Pye, Roger, "Evolution of the Arms of Douglas of Lochleven" Coat of Arms, NS vol. 3, p. 76 (1978-80)

· Pye, Roger, "Genuine Piles in Scottish Coats" Coat of Arms, NS vol. 6, p. 229 (1984-86)

· Pye, Roger, "Heraldry of Clan MacThomas" Coat of Arms, vol. 10, p. 147 (1968-69)

· Pye, Roger, "More Pseudo Piles in Scottish Coats" Coat of Arms, NS vol. 5, p 124 (1982-84)

http://www.theheraldrysociety.com/publications/c_o_a.htm

Can anyone help get some details of these articles?

I am a Caldwell, born Kilmarnock, but a long time resident of Australia. I am a keen historian and family history adds colour to it rather more than the personal quest for my family tree.

Our family is traditionally from the Renfrew/Ayrshire border although I have noted with great interest the very ancient distribution of the Caldwell name in Kyle Stewart as well as the Beith-Kilbarchan axis.

In fact Caldwell's seem to have originally conformed precisely to the early location of the Stewart family before its royal associations.

This is strictly South West Ayrshire/Renfrew and does not seem to extend to the other known Stewart areas. Popular belief has it that the name means "Cold-water" but I have my reservations about this - however that is another story. The family is also supposed to have come to Scotland either with the first Stewarts (FitzAlan's) or in the train of de Morville.

The family is also supposed to have its principal property of "Caldwell" transferred into the Mure/More family by a marriage of Gilchrist More to a Caldwell Heiress in the early 1300's. About the same time the Family gave the country a Chancellor for a few years in the form of Willam Caldwell. My guess that he might have been a very old William of Eaglesham who gets a good run in the history of the Wars of Independence.

I read with interest the extemely valuable article on your site: "Some Distinctive Characteristics of Scots Arms By Alex Maxwell Findlater"

On the basis of this article and the location of the Caldwell family one might expect that the arms of "Caldwell of that Ilk" have some reference to the Stewart family.

The arms do not have any similarity and the principal device is argent three piles sable. The three piles motif is reasonably rare and immediately refers one to the arms of the Earl of Huntingdon (and the Bissetts). These arms have different colours but the differences may well be part of a territorial series of arms as per Findlater's article. Looking further we find that the arms of Wishart are also similar and we know that the Wishart's were strongly connected to Glasgow, furthermore if a Caldwell had been Chancellor then there is every possibility that he was an ecclesiastic and also that he was connected to Glasgow.

I also note that three piles sable are on the arms of families from Fife and Angus - ranging from the Lochore family to Anstruther and Lovell of Ballumbie (Dundee). Oher families form this region bearing similar arms include Hacket/Halkett, Young, Laing - enough to determne that the arms appear to be territorial with the sable variety in Fife to the Tay and other colourations north through Angus to Brechin. I note also the quartering of three piles in the arms Douglas of Loch Leven and the three piles of the Lord of Jedforest.

The object of this discourse is to say that following Findlater's arguments it would appear that the armigerous Caldwell's of that Ilk came to Renfrew via Fife and not straight into Scotland from England. It would also seem to indicate that perhaps the Caldwell name was only adopted from the place name of its seat and not used prior to Renfrew. This might also indicate that the family was Flemish in origin.

In an effort to find this proto-Caldwell I really need to know just how ancient the arms of Caldwell of that Ilk are. If the arms are not truly ancient then my theory will fall in a heap. Furthermore it seems to me that the reason that the Stewart chequy fesse did not make it into the Caldwell arms are the connection to the Earl of Huntingdon. If this is so then the early arms of Caldwell were "more noble" than the early arms of "Stewart" and therefore there was no seen need to incorporate a Stewart device into those of Caldwell of that Ilk.

My query is: how do I determine the antiquity of these arms? and how do I find proper confirmation of my theory that the arms are Scottish territorial to Fife and/or Angus.

Tom Caldwell

This is a post I have made to a site on Scottish Heraldry and is also placed here for the record - I will be interested in any positive response and will keep all Caldwell's posted.

http://heraldry-scotland.com/HSSforum/viewforum.php?f=6

I have always wondered whether this guy was our proto-Caldwell.

Reference: The Acts of William I, King of Scots 1165-1214
Book by G. W. S. Barrow; Edinburgh University Press, 1971

Thomas de Colville was arrested in May, 1210, charged with treason, and imprisoned in Edinburgh castle; he ransomed himself on 30 November ( Chron. Melrose, 54). He was presumably Thomas de Colville, surnamed 'the Scot', lord of Carsphairn in Galloway, a dependent of Duncan of Carrick.

died 1219

l.48 Ricardo Cumin. Philippo de Coleuilla

[Latin spelling =Colville or =Caldwell?]

Witness to many charters of William I.

Example:
Ricardo de Morevill Constabularo
Alano Dapifero
Willelmo de Morevill
Rannulfo de Sol
Geruasio Aunel
Bernado filio Brien
Waltero de Windesh
Thoma de Colev

Jocelino archdiacono Dunkeldensi
Willelmo priore de Fostynoth
Radulfo capallano meo
Ricardo prebenda clerico meo
comise Dunecano
comise Gilberto
Willelmo de Lyndes
Roberso de Londoniis
Malcolmo filio comitis Dunecani
Johanne de Hasting
Willelmo Cumyn
Willelmo de Hays
Geriasio Auenel
Thoma de Colleuil

Willelmo de Lindes
Geruasio Auenil
Johanne de Hasting
Willelmo Cumin
Thoma de Coleuill
Henrico Biset
Alexandro de Sintun
Willelmo de Herizg
Philippo de Lundin

Obvious variations in spelling in the charters from modern versions but it is a long bow to take Coleuill to Caldwell.

This was the fellow who was surnamed "le Scot" and was important enough to be on 13 charters in this book along with other persons of note - often the same people.

He was from Carphairn in Galloway and a dependent of Duncan of Carrick. Earl Duncan was a native Scot and not a Norman so there might be something in the fact that Thomas Colville might have been called "le Scot" to distinguish him from his conntemporary Philip de Colville who may well have been of Norman ancestry.

Thomas Colville le Scot was also granted Dalmellington at some stage - this holds well with his vassalage to Duncan of Carrick. It also shows a base at Carsphairn in Galloway which helps with the "Caldwell Legend".

He is signing charters with the de Morevilles and may well have been associated with them as well and therefore getting pretty close to Caldwell on the Renfrew border.

No flames but just a little smoke. Will keep looking.

Caldewell

ARMS: ..Argent (silver), on a fess dancetty Sable (black), three conger eels' heads erased and erect of the first (i.e., silver).

Caldwall of Alston, co. Stafford, England

NOTE: ..Confirmed to RALPH CALDWALL, of that place, by Wriothesley, Garter, and Benolte, Clarenceux.

ARMS: ..Argent (silver), on a fess dancetty between three lozenges longways Gules (red), as many whales' heads erect and erased Or (gold).

CREST: ..A cock's head Argent (silver), beaked, combed and wattled Gules (red), between two wings expanded Sable (black), holding in the beak a cross paty fitchy Or (gold).

Caldwell of Caldwell, Scotland

ARMS: ..Argent (silver), three piles issuing from the chief Sable (black), and in base four bars waved Gules (red) and Vert (green).

.

Caldwell

NOTE: ..Col. HUGH CALDWELL, 1838.

Arms as the preceding, the piles charged with as many hunting horns Or (gold).

CREST: ..Issuing out of a mural crown Or (gold), a dexter arm in armour the hand holding a sword in bend all Proper (natural color).

MOTTO: ..FAC ET SPERA...(Do and hope).

.

Caldwell of Linley Wood, co. Stafford England

ARMS: ..Quarterly, 1st and 4th, per pale Sable (black) and Vert (green), a stag's head couped Argent (silver), in chief three cold wells Proper (natural color), for CALDWELL; 2nd and 3rd, Argent (silver), two bars Azure (blue), on a canton Gules (red), a gauntlet grasping a broken sword Proper (natural color), hilt and pommel gold, for STAMFORD.

CREST: ..A lion Vert (green), holding between the paws a cold well Proper (natural color).

MOTTO: ..NITI, FACERE, EXPERIRI...(To strive, to do, is to experience).

.

Caldwell of Newbury, co. Berks, England

ARMS: ..Paly wavy of six Or (gold) and Sable (black), on a chevron Gules (red) ,three griffins' heads erased of the first (i.e., gold).

.

Caldwell

NOTE: ..Sir JAMES LILLYMAN CALDWELL, G.C.B.; a Lt-General in the Indian army and Chief Engineer of the Madras Presidency.

ARMS: ..Or (gold), three piles meeting in the centre fess point Sable (black), in base barry wavy alternately Gules (red), of the field (i.e., gold) and Vert (green), surmounted by a portcullis of the second (i.e., black); on the center pile suspended by a ribband, orange, a representation of the medal presented to Sir J.L. CALDWELL, in commemoration of his services at the storming of Seringapatam, with the word "SERINGAPATAM" underneath gold, the whole within a bordure embattled of the third (i.e., red).

CREST: ..Out of an eastern crown Or (gold), a demi lion Gules (red), holding in the dexter paw a sword Proper (natural color) ,pommel and hilt gold, supporting between the paws two flags staves in bend sinister the one being that of the union flag of Great Britain, surmounting the other with the staff broken, being a flag swallow-tailed Vert (green), semy of mullets Argent (silver).

MOTTO: ..VIRTUS ET SPES.

SUPPORTERS: ..On the dexter a grey horse supporting in bend a flag swallow-tailed Vert (green), semy of mullets Argent (silver), the staff broken Proper (natural color); on the sinister royal tiger of Tippoo Sultan Vert (green), striped, ducally gorged and chained Or (gold), supporting in the bend sinister a flag swallow-tailed Vert (green), semy of mullets Argent (silver).

.

Caldwell of London and Worcestershire, England

ARMS: ..Azure (blue), a cross formy fitchy between ten estoiles Or (gold).

CREST: ..A cock's head between two wings expanded Argent (silver), combed and wattled Gules (red), holding in the beak a cross formy Or (gold).

.

Caldwell of Uptown Warren, co. Gloucester, and co. Leicester, England

NOTE: ..Visitation of Leicester 1619.

Arms as the preceding, quartering Argent (silver), on a fess dancetty Sable (black), three whales' heads erect and erased Or (gold).

CREST: ..A cock's head Argent (silver), (sometimes gold), beaked, combed and wattled Gules (red), between two wings expanded Sable (black), in the beak a cross paty fitchy Or (gold).

.

Cladwell of Gloucester, England

NOTE: ..Har. MSS., 1566.

ARMS: ..Gules (red), three crosses paty fitchy Or (gold).

.

Caldwell

NOTE: ..Granted 4 March 1845, to Sir HENRY JOHN CALDWELL, Baronet, of the city of Quebec, North America. ARMS:..Azure (blue), three tops of wells in masonry, two and one Or (gold).

CREST: ..Out of a ducal coronet Or (gold), a dexter cubit arm in pale Proper (natural color), grasping a cross calvary Gules (red).

MOTTO: ..SAPERE AUDE...(Dare to be wise).

.

Caldwell of Staffordshire, England

ARMS: ..Argent (silver), on a fess dancetty Azure (blue), three fishes' (ling's) heads erased Or (gold).

.

Caldwell

ARMS: ..Argent (silver), on a fess dancetty Sable (black), three lions' heads erased Or (gold).

.

Caldwell of New Grange, co. Meath, Ireland

ARMS: ..Or (gold), in chief three piles Sable (black), each charged with a fountain Proper (natural color), in base four bars wavy alternately Gules (red) and Vert (green), quartering ABDY.

CREST: ..A demi lion grasping a broken scimelar all Proper (natural color).

MOTTO: ..ENSE LIBERTATEM PETIT INIMICO TYRANNIS.

http://freepages.family.rootsweb.com/~heraldry/bga_caldecot_callander.html

Years ago I noted that the Anstruther Arms were very similar to that of Caldwell but dimissed this as a coincidence as Anstruther is very much located in Fife and did not seem to have any other connection.

John and Eilean Malden in their article: "An Heraldic Hierarchy"

http://www.heraldry-scotland.co.uk/hierarchy.html

give a working exercise on the hierarchy of the Stewart family and particularly Renfrew families are noted - I was holding my breath as I read it hoping a mention of our family would be made - it didn't happen but the article is well written and illustrated and a very useful tool to help understand the inter-connection of coats of arms.

The predominant black and white piles device on the Caldwell arms may signify a Flemish connection however I think not as the connection to the style of the "le Scot" family of the Earls of Huntingdon is strong. Furthermore I note that the supposed ancestor of Anstruther is "de Candela" supposedly an "Italian" Norman knight from Apulia. When I search for "de Candela" on the web it comes up with Spanish language sites and this makes me think "Gascony" and the border provinces of Spain such as Bearn. Think further south and we are in Languedoc, Albigensian Crusades country, Spanish influence and strog connections to the de Montfort family who married into the Huntingdon family, were on the Welsh borders at Chester

Check this site - note the wheatsheaf arms of the Earl of Chester are also those of the Comyns. Follow the conenction to the de Montford's through Bethrade de Montford -- I have run out of time, but I will be back

http://members.tripod.com/~midgley/chester.html

"Some Distinctive Qualities of Scottish Arms" by Alex Maxwell Findlater is worth reading as an exercise on how various families differenced their arms:

http://www.heraldry-scotland.co.uk/distinctive.html

The Mitchell Rolls are various "arms lists" and especialy check out Nisbet who lists the Caldwell Arms.

http://www.heraldry-scotland.co.uk/mitchell.html

If you search "Piles" from within the lists you will find the arms that have three piles as a device. Most are in the area of Fife to Dundee on the other side of the Tay and also associated with the catheral city of Brechin a little further north. The Brechin family are associated with Henry of Brechin who was an illegitimate son of David Earl of Huntingdon (who was granted the lands of Garioch and also had some holdings in Lennox). Also see "Le Sire de Bryghyn" (Brechin) - this might have been corrupted to "Bryan" - see mentions of the very similar Bryan Arms elsewhere on the web. Although David was a major English Earl and based in the Honour of Huntingdon he spent a lot of time on his Scottish Estates and was a strong supporter of his elder brothers: Malcolm IV and William I. There is now no doubt in my mind that the acession of David I was a signal for a land-grab by his "Norman" supporters from England and this lasted for 150 years right through to Alexander II. That king-line stacked the regions of Scotland with "their men" who directly owed allegience to this new form of royal government. I was probably a necessary thing if they were to standup to the machinery of the feudal system in England. Additionally because of intermarriage and estates in both countries the Scots kings more than likely saw themselves as having a real claim on the English throne as well.

The arms of Brechin and by implicationand design the arms of the Huntingdon Earls are also those of the Wishart family of ecclesiastics. The Wisharts were also very much associated with Glasgow. I have no reason to believe that there is any direct connection between Wishart and Caldwell but it is something to bear in mind as it is a cnnection of a similar shield of arms back to the same district as the Caldwell family. In fact it is the "only" one outside of the area surrounding Fife.

An isolated example is the "Lord of Jedforest" quartering on one coat of arms of Douglas which is identical to Anstruther. This is worth considering but all other quartering of "Jedforest" or "the Forest" on Angus arms are four piles vert.

The colouring of the "piles" on background is most similar to Anstruther of Fife (also identical to the family of Lochore of Fife - near Cowdenbeath), and to Young who may have had an association with "Old Bar(ns)" in Fife near Anstruther. Lovel of Ballumbie on the outskirts of Dundee is another regional coat of arms with great similarity.

I have also found yet another place in Scotland - a farm in Fife near Collessie called Caldwells. It is next to Meadowells and Lizziewells. I don't know if there is any connection but it does add interest. Obviously the Lizziewells family were not as prolific as the Caldwells

http://www.streetmap.co.uk/newmap.srf?x=326500&y=713500&z=3&sv=Caldwells&st=3&tl=Caldwells,+Fife+&searchp=newsearch.srf&mapp=newmap.srf

For those that would like to help surf the net for clues - from the hearaldry site:

Caulx de Listauric : Or, three points cojoined in base, sable - I have interpreted this as the same as Logan of Lostalrock but have not looked for "Lostalrock" as yet - see who gets there first

Oh, and the Colvilles of Ochiltree eventually left that area and Cardross in Fife became their principal seat. I don't know if they had lands there already.

Genealogy:
David I of Scotland (formerly Earl of Huntingdon)
1) Daughter Marjory married Gilchrist Earl of Angus

Their daughter Beatrix married Walter Stewart

Walter's sister Aveline married Duncan of Carrick

Duncan's son Neil married Walter's daughter Margaret

Their daughter Marjorie firstly married Adam of Kilconquhar (FIFE) who died on a CRUSADE and secondly Robert Bruce the Competitor.

2)Illegitimate son Henry became Henry of Brechin and married Juliana de Cornhill.

Strong links between Ayrshire and the near north east in turbulent times of change.

You have to admit that this is not as simple as just finding one ancestor ....

Tom

This information has been found on a Scandinavian site (thank you) and needs much revision - I have just collected it her ein rough form and will get back to it later.

Henry 2nd Earl of Huntingdon, (Taulusta 144) , s. 1114, k. 12.6. 1152.
Succeeded as Earl of Huntingdon on his father's resignation of the earldom in 1136. During the wars between his father and Stephen he fought on the Scottish side at the battle of the Standard. On peace being made in 1139 he received the Earldom of Northumberland, the cities of Newcastle and Bamborough being excepted. he became a favourite with Stephen, remaining with him in England for some time. As "Henry the Earl, son of the King of Scotland" he made grants to St.Andrew's, Northants and in 1150 founded the Abbey of Holmcultram in Cumberland. He married Ada (or Adeline), daughter of William de Warenne, Earl of Surrey, by Isabel, daughter of Hugh, Count of Vermandois. He died 12.6.1152 and was buried at Kelso. His widow died in 1178, having in that year founded the Nunnery of Haddington).

Vanhemmat David I 'the Saint', King of Scotland, s. 1084, k. 24.5. 1153 Carlisle,Cumbria ja Matilda (Maud de Lens) of Northumberland, s. abt. 1074, k. 1131 (Taulusta 144)

Puoliso: 1139 Adelaide de Warenne. (Taulu 139) k. 1178. (NKG XIII-24).
Vanhemmat William (2nd Earl of Warren & Surrey) de Warenne, k. 11.5. 1138 ja Elisabeth of Vermandois, s. 1085, k. 31.3. 1131 (Taulusta 145)

Lapset:
1. Malcolm IV 'the Maiden', King of Scotland, s. 20.3. 1141, k. 9.12. 1165 Jedburgh

2. William I (The Lion) King of Scotland, s. 1143. Tauluun 268

3. David, Earl of Huntingdon, s. abt.1144. Tauluun 176

4. Ada of Huntingdon

5. Margaret Countess of Hereford, k. 1201 Sawtrey Abbey

6. Mathilde of Huntingdon, k. 1152

7. Marjory of Huntingdon.

David I 'the Saint', King of Scotland , s. 1084, k. 24.5. 1153 Carlisle,Cumbria.

Malcolm III Canmore, s. abt. 1031, k. 13.11. 1093 battle of Alnwik ja (St. Margaret) Atheling, k. 16.11. 1093

Puoliso: 1113 Matilda (Maud de Lens) of Northumberland. (Taulu 143) , s. abt. 1074, k. 1131. (NKG XII-237).
Vanhemmat Walter Earl of Huntingdon, k. 1076 ja Judith of Aumale, s. 1054, k. aft. 1086

Lapset:
1. Malcolm of Scotland, k. klein

2. Claricia of Scotland

3. Hodierna Scotland

4. Henry 2nd Earl of Huntingdon, s. 1114.

Isabella of Huntingdon. (Taulu 172) , s. 1206, k. 1251. (ES NF/II Tafel 90).
Vanhemmat David, Earl of Huntingdon, Knight, s. abt. 1144, k. 17.6. 1219 Jerdelay ja Matilda of Chester, k. 6.1. 1233 (Taulusta 176)

Lapset:
1. Robert de Bruce, s. 1210. Tauluun 172

2. Bernard de Bruce, Lord of Conningron and Exton

3. Beatrice de Bruce

| Alku | Sukunimi-hakemisto |
Taulu 174

XXIV William de Bruce, (Taulusta 175) k. succeeded his father in Annandale about 1194. His wifes name was Christina, who survived him and married, after his death in 1215, Patrick, Earl of Dunbar, as his second wife. (SP 2, s.430; ES NF/II Tafel 92).
Vanhemmat Robert de Brus, Lord of Annandale, k. 1194 ja Euphemia (Taulusta 175)

Puoliso: Christina. (Taulu 173) .

Lapset:
1. Robert de Bruce. Tauluun 173

2. William de Bruce

3. John de Bruce

Robert de Brus , Lord of Annandale, k. 1194.
"le meschin" or the yonger, the second son of his father, got from his Scottish possessions of Annandale just before the battle of the Standard in 1138; they were both present at that engagement, but upon different sides, though the yong possessor of Annandale was only fourteen. He is said to have been taken prisoner by his own father, who sent him to King Stephen, but that monarch courteously remitted him to his mother at Skelton. The whole affair was probably a family arrangement to prevent the lands, in the case of either side winning, from going out of the family by forfeiture. Robert de Brus had a grant of certain lands in Durham from his father, on a complaint made by him that he had no wheaten bread in Annandale. He had also a confirmation of the last-named territory from William the Lion, dated at Lochmabe, c.1166. Brus married a lady, whose Christian name was Euphemia.
(SP 2,s.429-430; ES NF/II Tafel 92).

Vanhemmat Robert de Brus, s. 1078, k. 1141 ja Agnes (Agnes Paynell) (of Annandale) Bruce

Puoliso: Euphemia. (Taulu 174) .

Lapset:
1. Robert de Bruce, k. bef. 1191

2. William de Bruce.

David, Earl of Huntingdon, (Taulusta 143) , Knight, s. abt. 1144, k. 17.6. 1219 Jerdelay. Huntingdonin Jaarli.
Kuningas William Leijonan, hänen veljensä sivuhaaran sammuttua kruunu siirtyi Davidin tyttärien kautta ensin Bruce-suvulle ja sitten Stewart (Stuart)-suvulle
(NKG XIV-40; Priha,s. ; ES NF/II Tafel 90; SP 1.s.4).

Vanhemmat Henry 2nd Earl of Huntingdon, s. 1114, k. 12.6. 1152 ja Adelaide de Warenne, k. 1178 (Taulusta 143)

1. puoliso: 26.8. 1190 Matilda of Chester. (Taulu 173) k. 6.1. 1233.
Vanhemmat Hugh (6th Earl of Chester) de Keveliok, s. 1147, k. 30.6. 1181 Leeke, Staffordshire ja Bertrada de Evreux, s. 1156, k. 1227 (Taulusta 177)

Lapset:
1. Robert

2. Henry

3. John le Scot, Earl of Chester, Earl of Huntingdon, k. 5.6. 1237

4. Margaret of Huntingdon, s. c.1194, k. 1228

5. Isabella of Huntingdon, s. 1206. Tauluun 173

6. Ada of Huntingdon, k. aft. 1241

7. Matilda of Huntingdon

2. vihkimättä: N.N. .

Lapset:
8. Henry (of Stirling) le Scott

9. Henry (of Brechin) le Scott

10. Ada of Huntingdon

Neil (2nd Earl of Carrick) Galloway, (Taulusta 182) , s. abt. 1202, k. 1256.
He was also called Nicol and Nicolaus, was a great benefactor to the Church, particularly to the monastries of Crossraguel and to Sandale in Kintyre. A commission was granted by Henry III in 1225 for receiving Neil, Earl of Carrick, and other Scotsmen into his protection, and he was one of the Regents of Scotland, and Guardians of Alexander III and his Queen, appointed in the English interest at a convention at Roxburgh 20.9.1255. Previous to his death in 1256 he granted a charter to Sir Roland de Carrick, who succeeded him in some of his lands, constituting him and his heirs head of the whole clan, as already stated. He is said to have married Margaret, daughter of Walter, High Steward of Scotland. He had issue four daughters, but only Margaret or Marjorie, the eldest, who succeeded him as Countess of Carrick, is known to history.

Duncan, 1st Earl of Carrick, s. abt. 1174, k. 13.6. 1250 ja Avelina Stewart (Taulusta 182)

Puoliso: Margaret Stewart. (Taulu 133) , (AFN:9G46-MR), s.
Vanhemmat Walter (3rd High Steward of Scotland) FitzAlan, s. , k. 1241 ja Beatrix of Angus, (AFN:H110Q-7W), s. (Taulusta 133)

Lapset:
1. Marjorie (Margaret) Countess of Carrick, s. abt.1252. Tauluun 171

| Alku | Sukunimi-hakemisto |
Taulu 182

XXIII Duncan, (Taulusta 183) , 1st Earl of Carrick, s. abt. 1174, k. 13.6. 1250.
He is afterwards mentioned as Sir Duncan de Carrick. The death of Gilbert was the signal for general turmoil among the Galwegians. Roland, the son of the murdered Uchtred, defeated the supporters of the late Gilbert in a furious fight, 5.7.1185, and slew Henry Kennedy and others who are described as leaders and instigators og rebellion. In 1186 Duncan compromised with Roland, in consequence of which King William the Lion confirmed to him the territory of Carrick on condition he renounced all claims to the southern portion of ancient Galloway. He had considerable estates, at the same time, in the north of Ireland. In 1193, or before 1197 he granted the lands of Maybothelbeg or Little Maybole to the monks of Melrose, and he also founded and richly endowed the Abbey of Crossraguel, and there are many other instances of his munificence to the Church. He took part with King John of England, who calls him his cousin or kinsman, in his wars in Ireland. He also captured Matillidis de Haya, wife of William de Braosa, her son and daughter, who had fled from Ireland to Scotland and handed them over to the English King. He was present when Alexander II took his oath to marry Joanna, eldest sister of Henry III. Duncan is said to have been created Earl of Carrick by King Alexander II 1225-1230, on condition that he resigned all claim to the lordship of Galloway. The descendants of Duncan and his son Neil appear to have the name of the Carrick.

Gilbert, s. Carrick, Ayrshire, Scotland, k. 1.1. 1185 ja N.N. (Taulusta 183)

Puoliso: abt. 1200 Avelina Stewart. (Taulu 134) .
Vanhemmat Alan FitzWalter, 2nd High Steward of Scotland, s. abt. 1126, k. 1204 ja Eve of Grawford (Taulusta 134)

Lapset:
1. Neil (2nd Earl of Carrick) Galloway, s. abt.1202.

Gilbert, (Taulusta 184) , s. Carrick, Ayrshire, Scotland, k. 1.1. 1185.
THE ANCIENT EARLS OF CARRICK
The earldom of Carrick was at one time the northern portion of the old province of Galloway, which was in ancient times governed by its own princes and its own laws, and included all that is now called South Ayrshire, Wigtownshire, and the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright. The people were Gaelic, perhaps descendants of the Picts. The first personage of note in Galloway history apart from tradition is FERGUS, Prince or Lor of Galloway, who died in 1161, leaving tewo sons: 1.UCHTRED, who will be treated under the title Galloway, 2. GILBERT, according to the then custom, shared with his brother the lordship of Galloway and the lands. They attented William the Lion in his invasion of Northumberland in 1174, when that monarch was taken prosoner. Galloway then broke into rebellion, many subjects of Scotland were murdered, the Kings officers expeeled, and the castles, which had but recently been built to protect them, trown down. The brothers then quarrelled as their respective jurisdictions, and Gilbert, by the agency of his son Malvcolm, perhaps illegitimate, slew his brother Uchtred, who adhered to the Scottish King, 22.9.1174, with peculiar circumstancesof savage brutality. Gilbert offered to pay the EnglishKing a yearly tribute of 2000 merks silver, 500 cows and 500 swine, but Henry II, on account of the murder of Uchtred, refused both homage and tribute. In 1175, William of Scotland being restored to liberty, marched an army into Galloway to chastise Gilbert, but instead of executing justice, contended himself with exacting a pecuniary satisfaction. In 1176 Gilbert came to York with Williamm and was received by Henry. There he left his son Duncan as hostage for his friendship, and in 1180 he was charged in the English Exchequer with the then enormous sum of ¹919,9s. In 1184 he is found under the protection of England, making devastating raids into Scotland and rejecting terms of accommodation offered to him.
(SP 2.s.421-422).

Vanhemmat Fergus Lord of Galloway, s. Galloway, Perthshire, Scotland, k. 12.5. 1161 Holyrood Abbey, Edinburgh, Scotland ja Elisabeth Princess of England, s. Talby, Yorkshire, England (Taulusta 184)

Puoliso: N.N.. (Taulu 182) .

Lapset:
1. Duncan, s. abt.1174. Tauluun 182

| Alku | Sukunimi-hakemisto |
Taulu 184

XXV Fergus Lord of Galloway , s. Galloway, Perthshire, Scotland, k. 12.5. 1161 Holyrood Abbey, Edinburgh, Scotland.
Galloway, though the name in now chiefly aplied to the two counties of Kirkcudbright and Wigtown, comprehended also, at the earliest period of recorded history in Scotland, the district of Carrick, or the southern portion of Ayrshire. The chiefs of this large tract of country, although they acknowledged the King of Scots as their overlord, and followed him to battle, still maintained a separate jurisdiction, and the district then recognised as Galloway was governed by its own laws. The Galloway men vere present in large force under King David I at the battle of the Standard, fought on Cutton or Cowton Moor 22.8.1138, and two of their leaders, Ulgric and Donewald, were killed. But the first Lord or Prince of Galloway on records is: Fergus, usually styled "de Galweia" or "of Galloway", who appears as a witness to a charter by King David I granting land in Perdeyc or Partick to the Church of Glasgow on 7.7.1136, when that church was dedicated. He also appears as a witness in other writs, probably of a later date, but not beyond 1147. Little is known of his personal history, but like King David I with whom he was contemporary, he gave liberally to the church, and was the founder of several abbeys in his own district, a fact which showed his desire to civilise his somewhat unruly vassals. He is also credited with aiding in the establishment or the revival of a bishopric in Galloway before 1154, when the first bishop, Christian, was consecrated at Bermondsey by the Archibishop of Rouen. The abbeys founded by Fergus alone or jointly with King David were Dundrennan and Tongland in co. Kirkcudbright and Soulseat co. Wigtown. The Priories were St.Mary's Isle in the first shire, and Whithorn in the other. Towards the close of his life, and after the death of King David, Fergus appears to have beeb drawn by the claims of relationship to take part in the insurrection of Donald MacHeth, or least to afford him shelter in his territories. There Donald was pursued by King Malcolm IV, who succeeded in 1160 reducing the rebellious district to submission, and Fergus, perhaps because of advancing age, took the cowl, and became a monk in the then new Abbey of Holyrood, where he died in 1161. He is said to have married Elizabeth, the yongest natural daughter of King Henry I of England, but the authorities quoted by Chalömers, who makes the statement, do not bear out his assertion. On the other hand, Hoveden and Benedict Abbas, both refer to Uthred, eldest son of fergus, as a cousin or relative of King Henry II. This epithet is not applied to Gilbert, and he may have been a son by a second wife. (SP Osa ?, s-135-136).

Puoliso: abt. 1124 Carrick, Ayrshire, England Elisabeth Princess of England. (Taulu 183) , s. Talby, Yorkshire, England.

Lapset:
1. Uchtred Lord of Galloway, s. 1100 Wigtown, Galloway, Scotland, k. 22.9. 1174 murdered

2. Gilbert, s. abt. 1126. Tauluun 183

3. Aufrick of Galloway, s. Carrick,

4. Margaret of Galloway, s. Carrick,

Sir Adam (of Rowallan) Mure, (Taulusta 203) , Sir, s., k. 1399?. (AFN:9FKC-45).
Vanhemmat William Mure of Rowallan, k. ja N.N. Lindsay (Taulusta 203)

Puoliso: Joan Cunningham. (Taulu 129) .

Lapset:
1. Elisabeth (of Rowallan) Mure, s. abt. 1320. Tauluun 129

| Alku | Sukunimi-hakemisto |
Taulu 203

XX William Mure of Rowallan, (Taulusta 204) k.
Vanhemmat Archibald Mure of Rowallan ja N.N. Montgomery (Taulusta 204)

Puoliso: N.N. Lindsay. (Taulu 202) .

Lapset:
1. Sir Adam (of Rowallan) Mure, s. abt 1290. Tauluun 202

| Alku | Sukunimi-hakemisto |
Taulu 204

XXI Archibald Mure of Rowallan .

Puoliso: N.N. Montgomery. (Taulu 203) .

Lapset:
1. William Mure of Rowallan

William "the Breton" de Aubigny . Ancestor of the Lords of Belvoir (SP 8,s.242, CP XII s.381,note e).

Puoliso: Matilda (of Northampton) de (Senlis) St.Liz. (Taulu 216) , Lady Bradham, s. 1095 Winchester, Hampshire, England, k. 1140. (NKG XIII-423).
Vanhemmat Simon (Earl of Northampton) de St.Liz, Huntingdonin Jaarli, s. Normandia, Ranska, k. 1111 ja Matilda (Maud de Lens) of Northumberland, s. abt. 1074, k. 1131 (Taulusta 220)

Lapset:
1. Matilda de Aubigny. Tauluun 216

| Alku | Sukunimi-hakemisto |
Taulu 220

XXV Simon (Earl of Northampton) de St.Liz , Huntingdonin Jaarli, s. Normandia, Ranska, k. 1111.
Said to be a son of Ranulph the Rich, a Norman, appears to have come to England early in the reign of William II. Presumably in consequence of his marriage, he bacame Earl of Huntingdon and Northampton after 1086 (for he is not named in Domesday Book) and in or before 1090, when he witnessed a charter to Bath Abbey's as "Earl Simon". He witnessed another royal charter under the same designation a little later. He fought for William in Normandy in 1098, and was taken prisoner by Louis, son of the French King. On the accessionof Henry I in 1100he witnessed the charter of liberties issued by the King at his coronation. He built the Castle of Northampton, and founded or refounded the Priory of St.Andrew in that town, and made it dependent on the Cluniac house of La Charise-sur-Loire; this was probablyin the time of William Rufus, but certainly before 1108, when he granted an ample charter to it in conjunction with Maud, his wife. He was a benefactor also to Daventry Priory, and probably built St.Sepulchre's, Northampton, about this time. He went to Jerusalem "cruse signatus", and returned safely, but setting out again he died on the way at the abovenamed Priory of La Charitâe, and was buried there. He married, perhaps as early as 1090, when she would be aged about 18, Maud, eldest daughter of Waltheof, Earl of Huntingdon and Northampton, by Judith, niece of William I, both amovementioned. He died, as aforesaid, at La Charitâe, presumably in 1111 or shortly afterwards. His widow married David I of Scotland.
(CP 6,s.640-641; NKG XII-237).

Vanhemmat Ranulph the Rich

Puoliso: abt. 1090 Matilda (Maud de Lens) of Northumberland. (Taulu 143). (Taulu 144) , s. abt. 1074, k. 1131. (NKG XII-237).
Vanhemmat Walter Earl of Huntingdon, k. 1076 ja Judith of Aumale, s. 1054, k. aft. 1086

Lapset:
1. Matilda (of Northampton) de (Senlis) St.Liz, s. 1095. Tauluun 219

2. Walther v St.Liz, Abt v Melrose 1148

3. Simon II (Earl of Huntingdon) de St.Liz, s. aft. 1103

John (Lord Crawford) de Crawford, (Taulusta 233) , s. 1167 Crawford, Ayrshire, Scotland, k. 1248 Melrose Abbey, Scotland.
Vanhemmat Reginald de Crawford (Taulusta 233)

Lapset:
1. Margaret Grawford. Tauluun 230

2. Daughter de Crawford

| Alku | Sukunimi-hakemisto |
Taulu 233

XXII Reginald de Crawford, (Taulusta 234) .
Vanhemmat Hugh de Crawford (Taulusta 234)

Lapset:
1. John (Lord Crawford) de Crawford, s. 1167. Tauluun 232

| Alku | Sukunimi-hakemisto |
Taulu 234

XXIII Hugh de Crawford, (Taulusta 235) .
Vanhemmat Domincus Galfridus de Crawford, k. abt. 1202 ja daughter le Scot (Taulusta 235)

Lapset:
1. Reginald de Crawford. Tauluun 233

| Alku | Sukunimi-hakemisto |
Taulu 235

XXIV Domincus Galfridus de Crawford, (Taulusta 236) k. abt. 1202.
Vanhemmat Reginald (1st Earl of Cruford) Crawford, s. abt. 1100, k. 1146 ja Daughter B Sweinsdottir (Taulusta 236)

Puoliso: daughter le Scot. (Taulu 234) .
Vanhemmat David Earl of Huntingdon (Taulusta 237)

Lapset:
1. Reginald de Crawford

2. Hugh de Crawford. Tauluun 234

| Alku | Sukunimi-hakemisto |
Taulu 236

XXV Reginald (1st Earl of Cruford) Crawford , s. abt. 1100, k. 1146.
Vanhemmat Alan (4th Earl of Richmond) Crawford

Puoliso: Daughter B Sweinsdottir. (Taulu 235) .
Vanhemmat Swein (of Crawford) Thorson

Lapset:
1. Domincus Galfridus de Crawford. Tauluun 235

| Alku | Sukunimi-hakemisto |
Taulu 237

XXV David Earl of Huntingdon .

Lapset:
1. John (Earl of Chester) le Scott

2. daughter le Scot.

Alexander (6th Earl of Buchan) Comyn, (Taulusta 189)
Son of William Comyn and Marjory, Countess of Buchan, is named Alexander Comyn only in a charter by King Alexander to the monks of Lesmahago in 1240, and also in a charter by the same King to Walran de Normanvill on 8 April 1242, but he succeeded his mother, as Earl of Buchan, between 1242-1244. In a charter to the church of Arbroath he expressly states that he was the son of Marjory and the grandson of Fergus. He took a conspicuous part in the public affairs of Scotland in the reign of Alexander II, and in the beginning of the reign of Alexander III he said his half-brother, the Earl of Menteith, and his nephew John, the Red Comyn, having got possession of the person of the young King, took the government of Scotland into their own hands. He was appointed Justiciar of Scotland, north of the Forth, in 1251, and with a short interval held that office till his death. He founded in 1261 a hospital for decayed husbandmen at Newburgh, and in 1272-73 another at Turriff, whose foundation charter is witnessed by Alexander II. From this and other charters it seems that he had a residence at Kelly, now Haddo House, but the castle of Kingedward, mentioned in the charter of Turriff Hospital was afterwards - and prhaps then - the chief messuage of the earldom of Buchan. He married Elizabeth or Isabella (called also Marjory), third daughter of Roger de Quincy, Earl of Winton, by his first wife Alianora, daughter and co-heiress of Alan of Galloway, who was hereditary Constable of Scotland. In 1270 Margaret, Countess of Derby, eldest daughter of Roger de Quincy, resigned the office of Constable in Scotland, to which she had succeeded, in favour of Alexander Comyn, who thereafter acted as Constable of Scotland. In 1264, after the battle of Largs, he was sent along with the Earl of Mar and Sir Alan Durward, then Justiciar, to reduce to submission the Western Islesmen, who had sided with Haco of Norway. In 1281 he was Justiciar of Scotland. In February 1283-84 he entered into an agreement with other nobles to maintain the succession to the Crown for Princess Margaret of Norway, after the death of her grandfather, Alexander III, and when the King died, 19.3.1285-86, the Earl was appointed one of the six guardians for Scotland. Before 1264 he was Sheriff of Wigtownshire and of Dingwall. During the reigns of Alexander III and of Margaret he was the wealthiest and the most influential man in the kingdom. At his dead, in 1289, he left several sons and daughters. (CP 2,s.254-255).

Vanhemmat William (Earl of Buchan) Comyn, s. abt. 1160, k. 1233 ja Marjorie Countess of Buchan, s. abt. 1170, k. bef. 1244 (Taulusta 189)

Puoliso: Elisabeth de Quincy. (Taulu 242) .
Vanhemmat Roger (2nd Earl of Winchester) de Quincy, 2nd Earl of Winchester, k. 25.4. 1264 ja Helen of Galloway (Taulusta 244)

Lapset:
1. John (7th Earl of Buchan) Comyn, k. 1308

2. Alexander (Sheriff of Aberdeen) Comyn

3. Lady Marjory Comyn

4. Elizabeth Comyn

5. Agnes (Egidia?) Comyn. Tauluun 242

6. Elena Comyn

Roger (2nd Earl of Winchester) de Quincy, (Taulusta 245) , 2nd Earl of Winchester, k. 25.4. 1264.
Vanhemmat Saher de Quincy, 1. Earl of Winchester, s. 1155 Winchester, Hampshire, Englanti, k. 3.11. 1219 Damietta ja Margaret de Beaumont (Taulusta 245)

1. puoliso: bef. 1234 Helen of Galloway. (Taulu 243) . died after 21.11.1245.
Vanhemmat Alan Lord of Galloway, s. 1180 Runnemede, Scotland, k. 1233/34 ja N.N. (Taulusta 248)

Lapset:
1. Margaret de Quincy

2. Elisabeth de Quincy. Tauluun 243

3. Elena de Quincy

2. puoliso: Maud de Bohun .
Vanhemmat Humphrey (6th Earl of Hertford & Essex) de Bohun ja Maud de Lusignan, k. 14.8. 1241

| Alku | Sukunimi-hakemisto |
Taulu 245

XXIV Saher de Quincy, (Taulusta 246) , 1. Earl of Winchester, s. 1155 Winchester, Hampshire, Englanti, k. 3.11. 1219 Damietta.
Vanhemmat Robert de Quincy, Buckleyn ja Fawsiden Lordi, s. Winchester, Hampshire, Englanti, k. 1192 ja Orabilis (Taulusta 246)

Puoliso: Margaret de Beaumont. (Taulu 244) .
Vanhemmat Robert III de Beaumont, Leicesterin Jaarli, s. Leicester, k. 1190 Durazzo, Kreikka ja Petronilla de Grandmesnil, s. 1149, k. 1.4. 1212 (Taulusta 247)

Lapset:
1. Roger (2nd Earl of Winchester) de Quincy. Tauluun 244

| Alku | Sukunimi-hakemisto |
Taulu 246

XXV Robert de Quincy , Buckleyn ja Fawsiden Lordi, s. Winchester, Hampshire, Englanti, k. 1192.
Vanhemmat Saher I de Quincy, Lord of Daventry, k. 1156/58 ja Matilda (of Northampton) de (Senlis) St.Liz, Lady Bradham, s. 1095 Winchester, Hampshire, England, k. 1140

Puoliso: Orabilis. (Taulu 245) . died before 30.6.1203, when she is referred to as deceased ina bull of Innocent III.
Vanhemmat Ness fitzWilliam, Leucharsin Lordi

Lapset:
1. Saher de Quincy, s. 1155. Tauluun 245

| Alku | Sukunimi-hakemisto |
Taulu 247

XXV Robert III de Beaumont , Leicesterin Jaarli, s. Leicester, k. 1190 Durazzo, Kreikka.
Only son and heir. He first appears in 1153, when he received a charter from Henry, son of the Empress, "restoring" to him the lands then held by Roberts father, with all the lands which William de Paci held in England and in Normandy, and granting him the Dapifership of England and of Normandy. The charter is similar to one given at the same time to his father the Earl. About five years after his succession he appears to have refused to accept the old composition for the third penny of the pleas of the county, claiming that he ought to have the increased sum now paid for it. Unlike his predecessorsm who had augmented their fortunes by adherence to the Crown, Robert took a rebellious course soon after he succeeded his father, by espuosing the cause of the "yong King" Henry, son of Henry II, when he revolted in 1173. The King at once confiscated Roberts English estates and attacked the town of Leicester, which was taken and burnt (28 July), while the castle held out. At that time Robert was in Normandy, having crossed in the spring and shut himself in his fortress of Breteuil. On 8.8. the King appeared before Brâeteuil and captured and burnt it on 25. and 26.9., Robert having fled before the siege began. Robert landed at Walton in Suffolk on 29.9.1173 with a force of Flemish mercenaries, and was at once joined by Hugh Bigod, Earl of Norfolk, and their combined forces plundered Norwich, and took the castle of Hagenet on 13.10.. Thence he started for Leicester, where his castle still held out, but on 17.10. he encountered the King's forces under Richard de Luci ("the loyal") at Fornham, near Bury (Suffolk), and in the fight that ensued was completely defeated, and captured with his Countess. They were sent to the King in Normandy, who imprisoned them at Falaice, and on in return to England, 8.7.1174, took them with him. The seneschal of Leicester Castle having begun to ravage the neighbouring country, Henry extorted from Robert the surrender, 31.July, of his strongholds of Leicester, Mount Sorrel and Groby. The Earl and Countess were taken back to Normandy 8.Aug., but the treaty of oeace between the King and his sons, 30.10.1174, stipulated for their release. Henry, however, demolished Leicester Castle. The rebellion having been crushed, Robert was no longer a menace, and in Jan. 1176/77, at the Council of Northampton, had restored to him all his castles except Mount Sorrel. He crossed to Normandy that summer, and is said to have gone on pilgrimage in 1179, but no more is heard of him until the spring of 1183, when he was once more under suspicion, fot he was arrested and imprisoned, together with his brother-in-law, the Earl of Gloucester. He was, however, in favour again and with the Court at Christmas 1186 at Guildford. At the Coronation of RichardI, 3.9.1189, he carried one of the Swords of State. On 1.Dec. following he witnessed a charter to the monks at Canterbury, and then set out on Crusade to Jerusalem, and died on the way back. He married, before 1155-1159, OPernel (Petronilla), heiress of the Norman honour of Grandmesnil, great-granddaughter of Hugh de Grandmesnil, the Domesday tenant, but her parentage has not been doscovered. His widow had a grant of the market and bridge at Ware for life, 10.Mar.1207/08. She died 1.4.1212.
(NKG XIV-25; CP 7. s.530-533).

Vanhemmat Robert II de Beaumont, s. 1104, k. 1168 ja Amica de Gael

Puoliso: Petronilla de Grandmesnil. (Taulu 245) , s. 1149, k. 1.4. 1212.
Vanhemmat Hugh de Grandmesnil

Lapset:
1. Margaret de Beaumont. Tauluun 245

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Taulu 248

XXIV Alan Lord of Galloway, (Taulusta 249) , s. 1180 Runnemede, Scotland, k. 1233/34.
Alan, son of Roland, as he is constantly styled, succeeded his father as Constable, and also in the lordship of Galloway, with his other large domains in Scotland and England. He is first named in 1196 in connection with lands of Teinford, co. Northampton, which apparently he held apart from his father. After his fathers death in 1200, he constantly appears as a witness in royal charters, and apparently took his share in public affairs. He and his mother had, in 1212, an action relating to Whissendine and Bosegate, lands in Northamptonshire, as to which it was disputed whether Ricard de Morville was seised in 1174 and whether he was dispossessed in consequence of the war in that year. The latest act of Alans father was to offer 500 merks to obtain an assize to settle the question, but it was only determined on 29.4.1212, or a little later, when a jury found that Richard was so seised and was disseised as stated. Later Alan and his mother were called to pay so much into the treasury. In July of the same year, partly, no doubt, as a kinsman and also as a Scottish baron holding large fiefs in England, he was asked by King John for assistance in the latters invasion of Ireland. The King begged Alan to send as soon as possible to Chester a thousand of his best and most active Galwegians before Sunday 19.8. For this, and no doubt other services, King John granted him, in 1213 a large number of fiefs in Ireland, which were assigned to him or his agents ny John, Bishop of Norwich, in a formal assembly at Carrickfergus. To these were added rights of forest and privileges of fairs and markets. The grants were repeated and confirmed two years later, on 27.6.1215. This was a few days after the granting, at Runnymede, of the Great Charter, Alan of Galloway being named among those present as one of the great barons of England. It is not certain what part Alan played in the war which followed later in the year 1215, whether he sided with the English barons who opposed King John or which the King of Scots, but the destruction of the monastery of Holmcoltram is usually assigned to the ravages of the Galwegians who followed Alexander II in his invasion of England. It was certainly in 1215 that, according to Fordun, Alan was secured in his Constableship by the new King of Scots. Soon after the accession of King Henry III to the Englisk throne he summoned King Alexander and also Alan og Galloway tp deliver up the Castle of Carlisle, and in the beginning of 1219 Alan had a safe-conduct to do homage for his lands in England, which meanwhile were taken in King Henrys hand. Alan was present at York on 15.6.1220, and swore to observe King Alexandera oath that he would marry Joanna, eldest sister of King Henry, and in obedience to a letter from King Henry he made his own personal homage at the same time. The following day his lands were ordered to be restored to him, including his Iris hestates. Later he was in active service with his galleys cruising off the coast of Ireland in opposition to Hugh de Lacy, then in rebellion. Lacy submitted to King Henry in 1224 and in the following year Alan waspermitted to lease his lands in Ireland and place tenants on them. In October 1229 he was summoned to go abroad with King Henry. One of the latest references to him in English records is a permit to him to send a ship to Ireland to buy victuals, between Candlemas and Micaelmas 1232. His appearances in Scottish record are not so numerous, being chiefly confined to grants or other benefactions to religious houses. He died in 1234 and was buried in the Abbey of Dundrennan.
(SP 4.s.139-141).

Vanhemmat Roland Lord of Galloway, s. , k. 1200 ja Elena de Morville, s. 1165 Kirkoswald, Cumberland, England, k. 11.6. 1217 (Taulusta 249)

1. puoliso: N.N.. (Taulu 244) . said to be a daughter of Reginald, Lord of the Isles. (SP 4.s.137).

Lapset:
1. Helen of Galloway. Tauluun 244

2. Thomas (Earl of Atholl) Galloway

2. puoliso: c.1209 Margaret of Huntingdon. (Taulu 176) , s. c.1194, k. 1228. (ES NF/II Tafel 90).
Vanhemmat David, Earl of Huntingdon, Knight, s. abt. 1144, k. 17.6. 1219 Jerdelay ja Matilda of Chester, k. 6.1. 1233

Lapset:
3. Christina of Galloway, k. 1246

4. Marian de Galloway

5. Devorguilla of Galloway, s. c.1218. Tauluun 254

3. puoliso: 1228 Helen de Lacy , s. c.1174.
Vanhemmat Hugh de Lacy ja Lesceline de Verdun

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Taulu 249

XXV Roland Lord of Galloway , s., k. 1200.
Lord of Galloway and latterly Constable of Scotland, was apprently not the eldest son, but appears as Roland, son of Uchtred (his most common designation), in the charter of Annandale granted by King William the Lion, which may be dated about 1166, along with his father and uncle. He was also at the Scottisk Court in 1180, when he was one of those judges who decided a dispute between the monks of Melrose and Richard Morville the Constable, then or later his father-in-law. He greatly resented his fathers death, but appears to have bided his time until the death of his uncle Gilbert, when he rapidly collected a large force, and swept over Galloway, devastating the territory, slaying the richer and more powerful inhabitants, and seizing their lands, where he planted forts to secure his authority. He also did good service to King William by attacking and cutting short the career of more than one public marauder. But King Henry II of England, who had aspired to the protector of Galloway, resented this, and was so much in earnest that he marched a large force to Carlisle, while Roland prepared for invasion by Fortifying the natural approaches to his territory. War was averted, and Roland was persuaded to meet the two Kings at Carlisle. Peace was arranged, and Roland gave his three sons as hostages for his good faith, while King William assigned that part of ancient Galloway called Carrick to Rolands cousin Duncan, son of Gilbert, which he accepted, renouncing all claims to any rights his father had in Galloway proper. In 1187 Roland showed his fidelity and generalship by leading a force against and capturing the northern freebooter Donald MacWilliam, called also Donald Bane. He also presided in a court at Lanark, where the judges of Galloway decided in favour of the Kings right to enforce payment of his "can" in that territory. He is named as Justiciar and also as Constable 1189-1198, and he did not nrglrct the Church, as he founded the Abbey of Glenlude in 1190, besides granting other privileges. The last public act of Roland was accompany his master to Lincoln, where on 22.11.1200 King William swore fealty to King John for his English fiefs. After the ceremony Roland proceeded further south to Northampton, where he was then interested in a question as to part of his wifes property, and there died on 19.12.1200 and was buried in the Abbey of St.Andrew there. (SP osa?.s.138-139).

Vanhemmat Uchtred Lord of Galloway, s. 1100 Wigtown, Galloway, Scotland, k. 22.9. 1174 murdered ja Gunnild of Dunbar, s. 1134 Allerdale, Dunbar, Scotland, k. 1174

Puoliso: Elena de Morville. (Taulu 248) , s. 1165 Kirkoswald, Cumberland, England, k. 11.6. 1217.
Elena, called also Eva and Hellaria, daughter of Richard and sister of William de Morville, and heiress of both, and through her acquired, at Williams death in 1196, the extensive estates of the Morvilles, and the office of Constable of Scotland, for all which he paid to the exchequer the large relief duty of 700 marks of silver. Elena survived her husband, and appears in various transactions concerning her property up to 11.6.1217, when she died. (SP osa?.s.139).

Vanhemmat Richard de Morville ja Avicia de Lancaster

Lapset:
1. Alan Lord of Galloway, s. 1180. Tauluun 248

2. Devorguilla of Galloway

John Balliol, (Taulusta 255) . died bef. 24.10.1268. (ES NF/II Tafel 91) .
Vanhemmat Hugh Baliol, (de Bailleul) ja Cecilia de Fontaines (Taulusta 255)

Puoliso: abt. 1233 Devorguilla of Galloway. (Taulu 248) , s. c.1218, k. 1289/90.
Vanhemmat Alan Lord of Galloway, s. 1180 Runnemede, Scotland, k. 1233/34 ja Margaret of Huntingdon, s. c.1194, k. 1228 (Taulusta 248)

Lapset:
1. Sir Hugh Balliol, k. abt. 1271

2. Alan Balliol

3. Alexander Balliol, k. 1278

4. John Balliol King of Scotland, k. 4.1315

5. Ada de Baliol

6. Cecila de Balliol

7. Euphemia de Balliol. Tauluun 251

8. Alianora (Margaret) Balliol

| Alku | Sukunimi-hakemisto |
Taulu 255

XXIII Hugh Baliol , (de Bailleul). (ES NF/II Tafel 91).

Puoliso: Cecilia de Fontaines. (Taulu 254) .

Lapset:
1. John Balliol.

William I (The Lion) King of Scotland, (Taulusta 143) , s. 1143, k. 4.12. 1214.

Henry 2nd Earl of Huntingdon, s. 1114, k. 12.6. 1152 ja Adelaide de Warenne, k. 1178 (Taulusta 143)

1. puoliso: 5.9. 1186 Woodstock Ermengarde of Beaumont k. 11.2. 1233.
Vanhemmat Richard I Vicomte v Beaumont, k. aft. 1194 ja N. de l'Aigle

Lapset:
1. Alexander II King of Scotland, s. 24.8. 1198, k. 8.7. 1249

2. Margaret of Scotland, k. 1259

3. Isabella of Scotland, k. aft. 1253

4. Marjorie (Margaret) of Scotland, k. 17.11. 1244

2. vihkimättä: Daughter de Hythus .
Vanhemmat Adam de Hythus

Lapset:
5. Margaret of Scotland, k. aft. 1226

3. vihkimättä: Daughter Avenal. (Taulu 265) .
Vanhemmat Robert Avenal (Taulusta 269)

Lapset:
6. Robert de London

7. Henry Galightly

8. Isabella of Scotland

9. Ada of Scotland. Tauluun 265

10. Aufrica of Scotland

Robert Avenal .

Lapset:
1. Daughter Avenal.

Sir John (of Bonkyl) Stewart, (Taulusta 132) , s. 1246, k. 22.7. 1298 Battle of Falkirk.
Vanhemmat Alexander (4. High Steward of Scotland) Stewart, s. 1214, k. 1283 ja Jean (of Bute) Macrory (Taulusta 132)

Puoliso: Margaret Bonkyl. (Taulu 271) , s. abt. 1249.

Lapset:
1. Sir Alexander (of Bonkyl) Stewart, k. 1319

2. Sir Alan of Dreghorn Stewart, k. 1333 Halidon Hill

3. Sir Walter of Dalswinton Stewart

4. Sir James of Periston Stewart, k. 1333 Battle of Halidon hill

5. Sir John Stewart, k. 1333 Battle of Halidon hill

6. Sir Robert of Daldowie Stewart

7. Isabel (of Bonkyl) Stewart.

Freskin (1st Laird of Straloch) le Chen, (Taulusta 285) , s. abt. 1271.
Vanhemmat Sir Reginald (3rd of Inverugie) le Chen ja Mary (of Druffus) de Moravia, s. abt. 1245 (Taulusta 285)

Puoliso: Isabel Comyn. (Taulu 274) .

Lapset:
1. Christian Cheyne. Tauluun 274

2. Sir Henry (2nd of Straloch) le Chen, s. abt. 1300, k. aft. 1376

3. Reginald (3rd of Straloch) Chene, s. abt. 1300

4. Francis le Chen, s. abt. 1300

Sir Reginald (3rd of Inverugie) le Chen, (Taulusta 286) .
Vanhemmat Sir Reginald (2nr of Inverugie) le Chen ja N.N. Comyn (Taulusta 286)

Puoliso: Mary (of Druffus) de Moravia. (Taulu 284) , s. abt. 1245.
Vanhemmat Freskin (3rd of Druffus) de Moravia (Taulusta 287)

Lapset:
1. Reginald (4th of Inverugie) le Cheyne, s. abt. 1270, k. aft. 1345

2. Freskin (1st Laird of Straloch) le Chen, s. abt.1271. Tauluun 284

3. Elena le Cheyne, s. abt. 1272

4. Beatrix Chen

| Alku | Sukunimi-hakemisto |
Taulu 286

XXI Sir Reginald (2nr of Inverugie) le Chen .

Puoliso: N.N. Comyn. (Taulu 285) .

Lapset:
1. Sir Reginald (3rd of Inverugie) le Chen. Tauluun 285

| Alku | Sukunimi-hakemisto |
Taulu 287

XXI Freskin (3rd of Druffus) de Moravia .

Lapset:
1. Mary (of Druffus) de Moravia, s. abt.1245.

http://koti.phnet.fi/ossian/ancherus.htm

Just for he record I should note that the late Mrs Lesley Gordon who was an assiduous researcher into the Caldwell surname spent a great deal of time translating old wills and made other detailed researching to he extent that she produced a large number of charts of family trees mainly from around the Lochwinnoch area. They are too hard to reproduce here but some day I hope to enter the data into a gedcom file and make it available for research.

She states that the earliest mention of a Caldwell was as follows:

"The first mention appears in the Maitland Club papers (1882) no christian name is given just the fact that there is an entry 'MONESTUM de PASSELAT 1292 CALDWELL'. There are probably other monastery entries PAISLEY & KILWINNING but this has not been researched. The first definite name to emerge is a knight who appears in a list who came to Scotland in the train of de Morville c1127 possibly the knight who got the Beith lands."

Mrs Gordon also mentioned:

"PATRICK ? Kinsman of WILLIAM probably brother from whom descended the CALDWELLS of that ILK, 'Gudemen of Caldwell'. He only inherited, besides the title, a small part of the estate 'Nedder or Little Caldwell or Hall of Little Caldwell".

Consequently if this is true we are more likely to have been descended from this Patrick (or Peter) than the William oft claimed on genealogy sites. Personally I don't hold with the theory of a single source for the family name.

I have also been interested in the stories about the Albigensian Crusades but unlike many who simply parrot the legend of the "French Origin" without any comprehension of what the Albigensian Crusades were all about I have actually bought two books on the subject and read them.

They are an interesting read. But that is what I did - I read them as stories and not as a scholar. I need to go back to the books and re-read them taking notes.

Furthermore if you feed in various search criteria including Albigensian and Waldensian you will find that there is a lot of information on the subject on the 'web', much of it in French. Thanks to the "translator" we can get the gist of what it is about, but a fluent French speaking person would obviously do better.

The time of the Albigensians runs from about 1194-1229 when the Albigensians of the Languedoc were finally crushed then there was a long period of the Inquisition that set about rooting out the remaining Cathar "heretics".

Simon de Montfort was the strong man of the Albigensian Crusade and his family were involved heavily. One of his sons, another Simon, came over to England and managed to acquire the Earldom of Leicester to which his mother, being the sister of the late earl, had a claim. Not content this Simon then managed to marry the widowed sister of the then English King Henry III. From 1248-1253 he acted as governor of Gascony but acquired a reputation for tyranny this led to a quarrel with the King and he spent more time in France.

The history thereafter is a bit ocnfused and would take more telling than I would like to spend at this point but ultimately Simon de Montfort was victorious at the head of a confederate army of barons who defeated the King and his son the future Edward I at Lewes in 1264. His "rule" during which he attempted to refirm the role of parliament did not last long and he was shrtly afterwards defeated and kileld at Evesham. Prince Edward went on a Crusade in 1270 and was away when his father died. Notwithstanding this fact he took his time coming back and dallied for some time in France before returning to England.

Of course this is the same Edward who reduced Wales to vassalage and become known as the "Hammer of the Scots".

What we have to remember is that the English were still very much in possession of the Bordeaux and Gascony regions at about that time.

The English Caldwell family has a tradition of being involved in the crusades, they also allude to some as yet unknown Scots connection: "they went to Scotland and then returned". At least one of the English family shields has a "cross pattee fitche" on it. This was apparetnly known as the "Cross de Maltho Caldwell" and strongly suggests a connection to the Knights Hospitaller.

"The Knights Hospitaller (the Order of Knights of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem or Knights of Malta or Knights of Rhodes) is a tradition which began as a Benedictine nursing Order founded in the 11th century based in the Holy Land, but soon became a militant Christian Chivalric Order under its own charter, and was charged with the care and defence of pilgrims. Following the loss of Christian territory in the Holy Land, the Order operated from Rhodes, of which it was sovereign, and later from Malta as a vassal state under the King of Sicily. The mediæval Order can be said to have come to an end following its ejection from Malta by Napoleon." (Wikipedia) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_of_St._John

The Cathars of the Languedoc were crudely and brutally treated and it is not beyond possibility, in fact I think it is very likely, that refugees from the oppression of the Cathars moved Westwards into English controlled Gascony. They would have found that only a generation later that Gascony would be cruelly administered by the son of their previous tormentor. It would only be natural if they supported his enemy Edward I the crusader.

Perhaps the origins of the Huguenot persuasion can be found in the belief of the Albigensian Cathars. I have not researched this enough to know for sure.

Whatever there is a clear path for the transmission of belief and peoples through from the Languedoc to England. Furthermore there has always been a very strong trade in wine from Bordeuax to the West Coast of Scotland.

Perhaps there is more in the fanciful legend that just the embroidery.

For reference I can recommend the following books in respect of the Albigensian Crusades:

"The Albigensian Crusade" by Jonathan Sumption [Faber & Faber] paperback edition 1999 ISBN 0-571-20002-8

"The Albigensian Crusades" by Joseph R Strayer [Ann Arbor Paperbacks] 1992 ISBN 0-472-06476-2

Both texts cite many references but most are in French

I have another book that I have not fully read:

"Simon de Montfort" by JR Maddicott [Cambridge] reprinted 2001 ISBN 0-521-37493-6

This is a useful text for further clues

I have yet another that I have only browsed to date:

"France in the Middle Ages 987-1460 by Georges Duby (translated by Juliet Vale) [Blackwell] reprinted 2000 ISBN 0-631-18945-9

No Caldwells are mentioned. Consequently one can only deduce whatever might be gleaned by historical inference.

When I absorb these works in a more scholarly manner I may be in a position to comment with some authority on the likely political background that might have brought any Caldwells to Scotland.

At the moment my best guess is that the vast bulk of the everyday Caldwells of Ayrshire were just the Gald-wallys or the lowland welsh who were thus differentiated for the incoming Anglian settler of the lowlands. Perhaps we represent the native peoples of Strathclyde and are not interlopers after all.

This is my personal current theory and I will be more than happy to be proved wrong.

Lets put this "named after the place" to rest. I have made a rough survey of property names surrounding the property named Caldwell in Scotland. If we are "named after the place" there should be lots of families of similar size in the world named after their place of origin - if it was the thing to do around Caldwell then lets see what other names we should be finding:

Biggart
Fullhead
Threepwood
Hazlehead
Fulwoodhead
Barkwood
Trearne
Broadstone
Middleton
Highgate
Bowfield
Lochside
Elliotston
Cowden
Glanderston
Arthurlie
Hawkhead
Dunlop (now that one is an exception!)
Robertland
Polkelly

I could go on but it would get boring - point is that family names coming from the name of properties is more the exception than the rule. I think it is more than likely that Caldwell as a name is associated with a branch of the Caldwell family but it may have been named after a branch of the family rather than the other way around. That would allow the family to be larger and not necessarily derived from the location of the property.

It appears that of all the property names listed there are only a few where the family might have taken their name from the name of the property itself.

Caldwell as we know is more an "estate" rather than a village and although there would be tenants on farms and servants and support workers around the great house it wasn't a village or hamlet. The closest hamlet was Lugton and the world does not seem to have many person's of the familes of Lugg or Lugton.

We also know that the property was in the Mure family hands from some time in the 1300's. Significantly there is no property known as "Mure" (but their are many *** Muir's - all over Scotland). The Mure's themselves originally held the property of Polkelly but they are not named "Polkelly" nor has the surname Polkelly been adopted as a widely dispersed name.

Dunlop is the name of a property that was held by the Dunlop family, but there is also an associated village of Dunlop. Furthermore even though we have a property and associated village the distribution of Dunlop's in the world seems much less than that of Caldwell. The Dunlop family technically had a bigger base to start from and yet seems to have a lower proliferation.

None of this is rigorous proof and it is only an idea that someone may like to follow or otherwise investigate further.

My only comment is that it seems that families named after properties seem more the exception rather than the rule in this area. Even familes named after villages are rare and almost non-existent. In England it is more common but we are talking ancient Strathclyde here.

When you look around looking for common area-derived names "Cunningham" springs to mind. "Ah-ha" he says 'Cunningham' is the district name for a part of north Ayrshire, and Cunningham is seemingly a bit more common than Caldwell".

We have a ouple of clues worth following:

Monestum de Passelat speaks of "terra de Caldwell" - land of Caldwell and one of the heraldry sites says casually that "Caldwell means 'from Renfrew'".

I am now wondering if the whole district of Renfrew might at one time have been know as Galdwalys or the land of the lowland welsh. Perhaps it was only part of Renfrew that was so designated. We might have become blinded by the fact that a generic district name became localised in one particular property (that covered much of it).

Renfrew seems named after the town of Renfrew as much as Ayrshire came from Ayr, but Ayrshire is divided into known districts: Cunningham, Kyle Stewart, King's Kyle and Carrick. It is possible that Renfrew once had similar divisions into districts - I know even now that part of Renfrew was known as Gryfesdale.

"Cunningham" of course means "King's Home", and the king's of Cunningham probably came from Dalry.